How does a Smart Battery Work Battery University. Learn about the different bus systems and where the limitations lie. A speaker at a battery conference once said, The battery is a wild animal and artificial intelligence domesticates it. A battery is illusive and does not exhibit visible changes as part of usage it looks the same when fully charged or empty, new or old and in need of replacement. A car tire, in comparison, distorts when low on air and indicates end of life when the treads are worn. The shortcomings of a battery can be summarized by these three concerns 1 The user does not know how much runtime the pack has left 2 the host is uncertain if the battery can satisfy the power demand and 3 the charger must be tailored to each battery size and chemistry. The solutions are complex and the smart battery promises to lessen some of these deficiencies. Battery users imagine a battery pack as being an energy storage device that resembles a fuel tank dispensing liquid fuel. For simplicity reasons, a battery can be seen as such however, measuring stored energy from an electrochemical device is far more complex. While an ordinary fuel gauge measures in and out flowing liquid from a tank of a known size with minimal losses, a battery fuel gauge has unconfirmed definitions and only reveals the open circuit voltage OCV, which is a fickle reflection of state of charge So. C. To compound the problem, a battery is a leaky and shrinking vessel that loses energy and takes less content with each charge. As the capacity fades, the specified Ah ampere hours rating no longer holds true. Nor can the fuel gauge assess the capacity by itself the reading always shows full after recharge even if the capacity has dropped to half the specified Ah. The simplest method to measure state of charge is reading voltage, but this can be inaccurate as load currents pull the voltage down during discharge. The largest challenge is the flat discharge voltage curve on most lithium and nickel based batteries. Instead of taking up phone space with an extra app, you can find out where your precious minutes get spent by visiting your iPhones Battery section, according to. Temperature also plays a role heat raises the voltage and a cold ambient lowers it. Agitation by a previous charge or discharge causes further errors and the battery needs a few hours rest to neutralize. See BU 9. 03 How to Measure State charge. Most batteries for medical, military and computing devices are smart. This means that some level of communication occurs between the battery, the equipment and the user. The definitions of smart vary among manufacturers and regulatory authorities, and the most basic smart battery may contain nothing more than a chip that sets the charger to the correct charge algorithm. In the eyes of the Smart Battery System SBS forum, these batteries cannot be called smart. Read about serial and parallel battery configurations. Connecting battery cells gains higher voltages or achieves improved current loading. Save money, make life easier and feel safer this Autumn, with great deals on smart home tech every week from Maplin. Shop online and in store now. Are you only an occasional gum chewer If so, and you figure it cant hurt to pick up a pack of whitening gum like Orbit White, you should know that your. SATA Hard Drive with Laptop Encryption Featurerich, slim, lightweight style at price and capacity points that enable nocompromise designs for thin computing. Flash memory is an electronic solidstate nonvolatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. Toshiba developed flash memory from. The Nintendo World Championship is coming back this fall, Nintendo said today. Qualifying matches will take place at Best Buys across the United States, so World. The purpose of this webpage is to provide information a majority are secret or are hard to find on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. It will mainly concentrate on. Autoblog Alerts Thanks for subscribing to Autoblog Alerts As content is published, well send it right to you. If you ever need to make changes, you. WhAbHBRuCBSj5nw.medium' alt='Die Hard Battery Serial Number' title='Die Hard Battery Serial Number' />The SBS forum states that a smart battery must provide state of charge indications. Safety is a key design objective and the concept behind SBS is to place system intelligence inside the battery pack. The SBS battery thus communicates with the charge management chip in a closed loop. In spite of this digital supervision, most SBS chargers also rely on analog signals from the chemical battery to terminate the charge when the battery is full. Furthermore, redundant temperature sensing is added for safety reasons. Benchmarq was the first company to offer fuel gauge technology in 1. Today, many manufacturers offer integrated circuit IC chips in single wire and two wire systems, also known as System Management Bus SMBus. State of charge estimations in a smart battery commonly include coulomb counting, a theory that goes back 2. Charles Augustin de Coulomb first established the Coulomb Rule. Figure 1 illustrates the principle of coulomb counting, measuring in and out flowing energy. One coulomb 1. C per second is one ampere 1. A. Discharging a battery at 1. A for one hour equates to 3,6. C. Not to be confused with C rate. Figure 1 Principle of a fuel gauge based on coulomb counting. A circuit measures the in and out flowing energy the stored energy represents state of charge. One coulomb per second is one ampere 1. The Lazarus Project Brian Tyler Rapidshare Library. A. Courtesy of Cadex. Coulomb counting should be flawless but errors occur. If, for example, a battery was charged for 1 hour at 1 ampere, the same amount of energy should be available on discharge, and no battery can deliver this. Inefficiencies in charge acceptance, especially towards the end of charge and particularly if fast charged, reduces the energy efficiency. Losses also occur in storage and during discharge. The available energy is always less than what has been fed into the battery. Single wire Bus. The single wire system, also known as 1 Wire, communicates through one wire at low speed. Designed by Dallas Semiconductor Corp., the 1 Wire combines data and clock into one line for transmission the Manchester code, also known as phase coding, separates the data at the receiving end. For safety reasons, most batteries also run a separate wire for temperature sensing. Figure 2 shows the layout of a single wire system. Figure 2 Single wire system of a smart battery. A single wire provides data communication. For safety reasons, most batteries also feature a separate wire for temperature sensing. Courtesy of Cadex. The single wire system stores the battery code and tracks battery data that typically includes voltage, current, temperature and state of charge information. Because of the relatively low hardware cost, the single wire system is attractive for price sensitive devices such as measuring instruments, mobile phones, two way radios, cameras and scanners. Most single wire systems have their own protocol and use a customized charger. The Benchmarq single wire solution, for example, cannot measure the current directly state of health So. H measurement is only possible when marrying the host to a designated battery. System Management Bus. The System Management Bus SMBus represents a concerted effort to agree on one communications protocol and one set of data. Derived from I2. C, the DuracellIntel smart battery system was standardized in 1. I2. C Inter Integrated Circuit is a multi master, multi slave, single ended, serial computer bus invented by Philips Semiconductor. Figure 3 shows the layout of the two wire SMBus system. Figure 3 Two wire SMBus system. The SMBus works on a two wire system using a standardized communications protocol. This system lends itself to standardized state of charge and state of health measurements. Courtesy of Cadex. The philosophy behind the SMBus battery was to remove charge control from the charger and assign it to the battery. With a true SMBus system, the battery becomes the master and the charger the slave that obeys the command of the battery. This enables a universal charger to service present and future battery chemistries by applying correct charge algorithms. During the 1. 99. SMBus battery packs emerged, including the 3. Figure 4. Manufactured by Sony, Hitachi, GP Batteries and others, these interchangeable batteries were designed to power a broad range of portable devices, such as laptops and medical instruments. The idea was solid but standardization diverged as most manufacturers began building their own packs. To prevent unauthorized batteries from infiltrating the market, some manufacturers add a code to exclude other pack vendors. A few manufacturers go as far as to invalidate the battery when a given cycle count is reached. To avoid surprises, most of these systems inform the user of the pending end of life. Figure 4 3. 5 and 2. SMBus. Available in nickel and lithium based chemistries, these batteries power laptops, biomedical instruments and survey equipment. Non SMBus dumb versions with the same footprint are also available. Courtesy of Cadex. An SMBus battery contains permanent and temporary data. The battery manufacturer program the permanent data into the battery, which includes battery ID, battery type, manufacturers name, serial number and date of manufacture.